ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°
ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, (Π³ΡΠ΅Ρ. ΞΊΞ»ΟΟΞΌΞ± ΠΎΡ ΞΊΞ»ΟΞΆΟ Β«ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΒ»; ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΡΠ°) β ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΈΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²: ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΡΠΈ (ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ) ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°Ρ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΉ (ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π°).
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π‘ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π³ΡΡΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° (ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°), ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
Π‘ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ½ ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ). ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ β Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½.
Π‘ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π°
ΠΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ (ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ) ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΡ ΡΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ 2 Π» Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ 157 ΡΠΌ. Π Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π° ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³Π° Π€. Π. ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Π»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡ 50 Π΄ΠΎ 2000 ΠΌΠ» Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 250 ΠΌΠ», ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π» ΠΎΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠ° Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ 0,5 ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ 1,5 ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ. Π ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΠΆΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΈΠΉ). Π£ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π° ΡΡΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±Π΅Π·Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ. Π Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ 2 Π».
ΠΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π΄ΠΎ 1,5-2 Π», Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 5 Π») Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π·, ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌΠ°. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ (ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ) ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ½ Π³ΡΡΡΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ) ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ (Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ°). ΠΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ· Π³ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π³ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ -Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ.
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°
Π‘ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ «ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°» Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ :
Π’Π Π£ΠΠΠ β ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°. 1. Π Π°Π·Π³. ΠΡΠ°Π½. Π Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅. Π€Π»Π³., 354. 2. Π ΡΠ·. ΠΡΠ°Π½. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ‘, 565. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠ³. ΠΌΠΎΠ». Π¨ΡΡΠ». ΠΈΡΠΎΠ½. ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ², 183. Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΊ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ. Π ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉβ¦ β¦ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΜΡΠ½ΡΠΉ β Π°Ρ, ΠΎΠ΅. ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΏΡΠΈΠ». ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ° β¦ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΉ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ ΠΠ«Π β ΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ ΠΠ«Π, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅. ΠΏΡΠΈΠ». ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π£ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°. Π.Π. Π£ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ². 1935 1940 β¦ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π£ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°
Π¨ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π½Π³Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΡΡΡΡ β (Schopenha uer) Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡ; ΡΠΎΠ΄. 22 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 1788 Π³., ΡΠΌΠ΅Ρ 21 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1860 Π³. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΠ» Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΉ Π΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρβ¦ β¦ ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π€.Π. ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠ³Π°ΡΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π.Π. ΠΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°
Π¨ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π½Π³Π°ΡΡΡ, ΠΡΡΡΡ β (Schopenhauer) Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡ; ΡΠΎΠ΄. 22 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 1788 Π³., ΡΠΌΠ΅Ρ 21 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 1860 Π³. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΠ» Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠΉ Π΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρβ¦ β¦ ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π€.Π. ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠ³Π°ΡΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π.Π. ΠΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°
ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡ β ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ. βΊ Π»Π°Ρ. irrigatio Β«ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠ°Β». ΠΠ°ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ². ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΠΌ., Π°Π½Π³Π». ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ. irrigation Β«ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» (Π¨Π°Π½., VIII, 116). Π£ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉβ¦ β¦ ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Ρ ΡΠΉ β (ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ, ΠΌΠΎΡΠΆΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ, Π³ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½, Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ, ΡΠ±Π°Π½ΡΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ); °° Ρ Π΅Ρ, Ρ Ρ; Β·Β·Β· Π°, Π°Π±Π΄ΡΠ»Π°, Π°Π±Π·Π°Ρ, Π°Π±ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ, Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½, Π°Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π°Π±ΡΠ°, Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ΄, Π°Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π°Π±ΡΡΠΎΡ, Π°Π², Π°Π²Π°Π½Ρ, Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, Π°Π²Π²Π°, Π°Π²ΡΠΎ, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊ,β¦ β¦ Π‘Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ.
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ,- Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ.
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·
Β«ΠΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ» ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°: «Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ!» ΠΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΅ΠΉ.
Motif Γ©gyptien d’un clystΓ¨re Γ sarbacane.
Un liquide est insufflΓ© dans le rectum avec la bouche Γ travers une sarbacane
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°.
Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΈΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ°, ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ·ΡΡΡ, ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΡ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π΄Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΡ. Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅.
Π ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π½ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΆΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Ρ (Mondiere) ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π° Π² ΠΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠ²Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Ρ Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ. Π§Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄, Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π»Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Π΅.
Drawing and painting: man giving
clyster to a patient
early 15th century
Galen demonstrating use of a clyster. (Galen, Varia)
15th century
Wellcome Library, London
Clyster with pear-shaped douche in use; Galen standing by.
Miniature circa 1450
Tin-glazed earthenware jug, polychrome decoration, illustrates administration of an enema, with inscription, Spanish. Graduated grey background.
A physician administering a clyster to an embarrassed woman who hides her self and presents her behind through a window, female friends observe the scene. Photograph after a stone bas-relief in Bruges archaeological museum.
A physician administering a clyster to an embarrassed woman who hides her self and presents her behind through a window, female friends observe the scene. Photograph after a stone bas-relief in Bruges archaeological museum.
(Roman), clyster
From: Les oeuvres
By: Ambroise Pare
Published: G. BuonParis 1585
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π» Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ. ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ, Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°Π³Π½Π°ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠΊΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ.
Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°.
ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π³ΡΡΡΠ°.
clyster
From: Les oeuvres
By: Ambroise Pare
Published: G. BuonParis 1585
A selection of medical instruments including a yard syringe, womb syringe, chister (?) syringe and fistula syringe as well as mullets and forceps for drawing of teeth, a tooth scraper, a 3 pointed levatory and a polychon
1698
The «Simplex» Clyster Syringe
Brass enema syringe
Photograph Late 19th century
Bellows and clyster-pipes for artificial respiration.
Engraving
Brass enema syringe, piston-action, driven by «lazy-tongs» mechanism, possibly Portuguese, 18th century. Graduated grey background.
Pewter enema syringe, piston action, in wooden case, by J. Millikin, London, 1822 to 1846. Black background.
Japanned metal enema syringe, piston action, with reservoir, mid 19th century. Graduated grey background.
eservoir enema syringe, for self-administration. Front view. Graduated grey background.
ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ°
At a Great Exhibition a shopkeeper sells enemas concealed in hollow volumes of classic literature for purposes of discretion. Lithograph by C. Vernier.
By: Charles Vernier. 19 Π²Π΅ΠΊ
A physician giving a patient an enema, by a French painter, while two monkeys copy the process on a ledge above the bed
Oil c. 1700
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ° XIV.
ΠΠΎ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ.
ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ- ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. Π‘Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π΅, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Β«ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΒ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌ. Β«ΠΠ΅Π· ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΒ». Π§Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΠΌΡΡΠ» Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°.
The clyster is prepared for a glutton. Colour line engraving by J.J. Leveau after himself, 1762.
1762 By: Jean Jacques Leveau
Published: Barbon,[Paris : 1762
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊ XIII ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ. Π‘ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π» Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊ XIII ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°Π³ΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π΄`ΠΡΡΠ΅ (Amelot de la Haussaye) ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΡΠ²Π°Ρ (Bouvard), Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ° XIII, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° 215 ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ², 212 ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ) ΠΈ 47 ΡΠ°Π· ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π» Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊ XIII ΡΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π±Π΅Π· Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ.
Three long-faced physicians prepare a clyster for a pallid young woman; representing Thiers and two other ministers attending to France amidst her troubles after 1848. Lithograph by C. Vernier, 1849.
ΠΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ- ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
Π° ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ° 14
ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΡ XIV ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 2,000 ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π·Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»(?) ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ
. ΠΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»Π° Π² ΡΡΠ΄ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ° ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π΅ΠΌΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Etienne Bogean ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Francois Bourgeois. Π‘ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ 2190 ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎ 2 ΡΡ 6 ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² Π·Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΒ». ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°!
————
Three ridiculous physicians with an assistant who carries a large syringe. Watercolour by E. Durandeau, 1876.
ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ 17-18 Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°- ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡ Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ.
A man holding a pack of ‘Jubol’ medicine tells clyster-wielding physicians that they are now obsolete. Wood engraving by Henriot, c. 1885.
ΠΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ- ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
Π° ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ° 14
By: Henri Maigrot
An old physician with a clyster attends to one of his patients. Lithograph by L. Morel-Retz.
By: Louis Pierre Gabriel Bernard Morel-Retz
ΠΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ- ΡΠΏΠΎΡ Π° ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ° 14
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ° XIV ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄! ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ° XIV, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 64 Π»Π΅Ρ (Ρ 1647 Π³. Π΄ΠΎ 1711 Π³. ) ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ: ΠΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎ, ΠΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ Π΄`ΠΠΊΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΠΈ-ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ Π€Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ. Β«ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, β Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎ, Π΄`ΠΠΊΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ Π€Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½Π°. Π Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π§ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ, Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π½Π° ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²Β».
A physician, enema in hand, quotes Hippocrates on the importance of the stomach in the ‘administration’ of the body; a green-hued patient cowers behind. Colour photomechanical reproduction of a lithograph by D.T. de Losques, 1910.
A Frenchman receiving an enema from a Hungarian apothecary by order of a Dutch doctor. Etching, 1742.
1742
A revolutionary complains of bowel problems to a doctor; a clyster seat waits nearby. Lithograph by C.J. Traviès, c. 1833.
By: Charles Joseph Travies de Villers
ΠΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ
A soldier boasts that he and six others have ‘evacuated’ 300 Mexicans; the military surgeon, holding an enema, counters that he has ‘evacuated’ many more single-handed. Coloured lithograph by J-R. Draner.
By: Jules-Renard Draner
A doctor holding death at bay from his patient: illustrated by him squirting a syringe at a skeletal figure entering via the window. Line engraving by N. Goodnight, 1787, after S. Collings.
1787 By: Samuel Collings after: N.C. Goodnight
A wealthy man at his dinner table is offered a clyster by a servant. Lithograph by Tal-Zar.
A doctor carrying a giant syringe. Pen drawing.
Π Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΈ-ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ Π€Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ (1638-1718) β ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠ±-ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊ (Ρ 1693 ΠΏΠΎ 1715 Π³.) ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ° XIV, ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π» ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊ Π‘Π΅Π½-Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½, Π€Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ», Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Β«ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΒ». ΠΠΎ Π±ΡΠ» Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ? ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ°-Π¨Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» Π±Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±Ρ Β«Π€Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π» Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉβ¦ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°Β». ΠΠ΅Π·ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ, Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π°, ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π» ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π» 4 ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π»ΡΡ Π°ΡΡ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π±Π»ΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π±Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ, 2 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΊΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ.
ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ°-Π¨Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΏΠ° I (ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ), Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ: Β«ΠΠ°ΠΊ-ΡΠΎ Π² Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ 1701 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΡ XIV ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ 62 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π΅ΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π±Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ, Π° ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ» Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π·ΡΠ±Ρ. ΠΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·ΡΠ±Ρ, Π΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠ±Π°Β».
Enema: Le Remede.
L’instrument des Apothecaires.
From: Contes de la Fontaine
By: Claude de Saint-Hieble
A peeping-tom spying on a fashionable lady receiving an enema. Reproduction of a line engraving after P. Maleuvre after P.A. Baudouin.
By: Pierre-Antoine Baudouin after: Pierre Maleuvre
A fashionable lady being given an enema by a charming young man. Line engraving by Dicuelt, 18—.
By: Dicuelt
A gentlemen pays an unexpected call on a lady friend only to discover she is in the middle of having an enema. Line engraving by F. Dequevauviller after N. Lafrensen the younger.
Engraving circa 1775 (?) By: Niklas Lafrensen after: FrancΜois-Nicolas-BarthΓ©lemy Dequevauviller
A doctor administers a clyster to a greedy little boy who is laying across his mothers lap, his two siblings watch the scene with amusement. Engraving by J. Ouvrier after J.E. Schenau.
By: Johann Eleazer Zeizig Schenau after: Jean Ouvrier
18 Π²Π΅ΠΊ?
A man administers an enema to a baby. Reproduction of a painting by J.A. Garemyn, 1778.
1778-1909 By: Jan Anton Garemyn after: Exposition mΓ©dicale des beaux arts
A beloved pet dog receives an enema. Line engraving by de Launay the younger after Lavrinet.
By: Lavrinet after: N. de Launay
A group of dandies stand by while a lady’s dog receives an enema. Coloured engraving.
A doctor administers an enema to a dog; other bandaged animals sit nearby. Coloured lithograph by C. Jacque, c. 1843.
1843 By: Charles-Γmile Jacque
Les MΓ©tiers (Trades)
Print made by Abraham Bosse
Comte Lanceleau with a large clyster to disperse rioters. Lithograph, c. 1830.
———————
Suite d’estampes des principaux sujets des comΓ©dies de MoliΓ¨re / Mr. de Pourceaugnac
After Charles Coypel
Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, sitting in a living room, surroounded by two doctors who are both taking his pulse, while in the background, a servant is approaching from the right, carrying a large syringe. 1726
After Antoine Watteau
Date
1727
A sick man trying to escape a troop of physicians; some of them are carrying clysters and threatening him, while another on the left is washing his hands. 1727
Etching with some engraving
Den Engelsman op zyn Uiterste. L’Anglois a toute Extremitez
Date
1780
A French physician with his retinue going to visit his patients
Materials
After Michel Vincent Brandoin objects)
Date
1771
Street scene, evidently in Paris. The physician, holding a large cane, sits in a two-wheeled chair or brouette which is being drawn from left to right. by a thin and ragged man, while another pushes the back of the chair. In front (right) runs a footman holding an enormous syringe over his right shoulder
Reproduction of engraving: Les jets d’eau, clyster satire.
late 18th century By: P.L. Auvray after: Jean-Honore Fragonard
ΠΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ°
A hybrid of a cannon and a clyster is attended by General Georges Mouton and Gabriel Delessert, the chief of police; satirizing their use of the water-cannon to dispel an uprising. Coloured lithograph.
Published: Aubert, E.teur du Journal la caricature au magasin de caricaturesParis (Galerie vΓ©ro dodat) :
General Georges Mouton sits perched on an enormous clyster; satirizing his use of a prototype water-cannon in quelling an uprising. Reproduction of a lithograph by C. Desperet after Charles Philipon, c. 1831.
1831 By: Charles Philipon after: Desperret
The Wounded Lion
James Gillray
Production place
Published in London
Date
1805
Confederated-Coalition;-or-The Giants storming heaven;-with, the Gods alarmed for their everlasting-abodes.
Print made by James Gillray
Date
1804
The ‘Gods’, Hawkesbury, Addington, St. Vincent, lean down from the clouds to defend the ‘Treasury’ against the assault of the ‘Giants’, different groups of the Opposition forming a pyramid in the lower, and larger, part of the design.
Two men wearing similar outfits, with plumed hat and mask; the one on the right threatens the other with a large syringe; figures dancing in the background. c.1621/22
Jacques Callot
Two men wearing similar outfits, with plumed hat and mask; the one on the left threatens the other with a large syringe; landscape in the background; within oval; copy after Callot
Etching
Print made by Louis Jean Desprez
Date
1789
Satire on medicine: to right, a man (Polichinelle) sits on a close stool holding a steaming glass vessel from which he has already drunk; behind him a doctor (Pantalon) reads from a large volume on the science of medicine propped against the lid of the stool; he wears a tall hat, large glasses and an ermine-trimmed robe which is held by a man (Scapin) with a moustache, hat, lace-trimmed collar and cloak who carries a sword; a servant in a white costume stands on either side behind the doctor each holding a large candle to illuminate the pages of the book; at the end of the procession are three men (apothecary’s officers) in the same white costumes carrying clysters on their shoulders; all are in profile to right and have large noses. Hinged to the print, covering all but the head of the seated man, is another aquatint with skull and clysters forming a coat of arms on recto, and apothecary’s jars on verso. before December 1789
Arlequin Deodat, et Pamirge [sic] Hypochondriaques / De Duytse Doctor, en de vreemde Patienten
Print made by Romeyn de Hooghe
Date
1689
A broadside satirising the developments in the War of the Palatine Succession, the Glorious Revolution, and the Turkish War by likening the European leaders to (hypochondriac) patients being treated by a German doctor and other physicians
A broadside satirising Louis XIV and his allies with an etching which is a re-working of a plate of 1674. In the centre, Louis (1) is seated in an enclosed throne or pulpit, holding in his left hand a bag (10), presumably containing money, and cradling in his right arm two dolls (11), the Pope and the Emperor; his feet are on a brazier, and snakes writhe on either side; to the right, the Grand Dauphin (2), as a child with horns riding a hobby-horse, genuflects to his father saying «Courage Pauvre Papa».
Print made by Romeyn de Hooghe )
Date
1689
A Dutch broadside satirising James II and Louis XIV with an etching by de Hooghe. On the right, a Dutchman wearing a fur hat (1) with a clyster labelled «1674» administers an enema to Louis XIV (2) who is seated on a globe with Ireland at the top
A new administration;- or-the state quacks administring.
Print made by James Gillray
1783
n
Britannia, in profile to the right, kneels on the ground, bending forward with an expression of angry distress. She supports herself on her spear, the upper part of which rests against her right shoulder
Death too many for the doctor.
After Samuel Collings
‘Hibernian Magazine’, 1789, p. 1. A sequel to BMSat 7608. The doctor stands in profile to the right attempting to protect his patient from a crowd of skeletons, who have entered and enter, through a door on the right. The sick man (left), who lies in bed, his hands raised in horror, watches the contest. The principal skeleton wears a ducal coronet; he has seized the doctor by the throat, and places a foot on his knee; he holds a banner inscribed ‘Luxury’.
A man is blown out of a window by an enema. Engraving.
Published: CrepyParis
Loose principles.
Print made by Thomas Rowlandson
Date
1789
Los Caprichos / Tragala perro (Swallow it, dog)
Print made by Francisco Goya
Date
1799
Plate 58: man, surrounded by mocking figures, pleading with another in white holding a giant syringe; working proof. 1799
Print made by Thomas Rowlandson
See No. 11111. An ugly foppish apothecary, with drink-blotched profile, kneels at the feet of a handsome young woman, one hand on his breast, the other pointing to a cloth at his feet on which are spread clyster-pipes, knife, pestle and mortar, and a bottle: ‘Elixer of Life Drops’. She stands, making a gesture of surprise. Behind are the curtains of a bed, and a door (right) round which looks an amused man.
Low Life above stairs
Print made by Charles Williams
Date
1819-1821
La Caricature / Naissance du juste milieu (The birth of the middle way)
Print made by J J Grandville (J.I.I.GΓ©rard)
Description
Plate 134, No 66; satire showing Louis Philippe, seen from the back, holding a baby and showing him to the populace; the mother, France, lies on a bed, looking upset
A retrospective view of the difficulties & embarassments occasion’d by the Coin Act, or Britania and her children in distress
1773
Date
1775
America, as «a venerable lady» sits on the topmost of three steps, surrounded by flames
Singerie, with two monkeys giving the clyster to a prostrate monkey in a white shirt
Aquatint
A doctor with a garland of pill boxes, bottles and a clyster pipe; a publican with pipes, different bottles and a punch bowl. Etching after T. Rowlandson.
A physician with a garland of bottles, pill boxes and a clyster-pipe. Coloured etching after T. Rowlandson.
By: Thomas Rowlandson
A regiment of clyster-wielding apothecaries orchestrated by General George Mouton de Lobau; satirizing his use of water-cannons in quelling riots. Lithograph by J.C., 1831.
Jules GrΓ©vy takes the pulse of Marshal Macmahon, who lies sick in bed with a priest and another man; they are choking from the fumes of their burning bed; LΓ©on Gambetta emerges from behind the scenes carrying a clyster. Coloured wood engraving, 1879.
Two maids confer on whether to ‘refresh’ a sick man even further by putting cold water into his enema. Lithograph by Cham, c. 1840.
A man and woman use a redeveloped clyster for scatological, intoxicating purposes (?). Coloured etching by P. Maleuvre after G. de Cari.
By: Godissart de Cari after: Pierre Maleuvre
An apothecary attempts to give an Englishman an enema but is restrained by an American; medical aid is prevented by a Frenchman and Spaniard; symbolising the problems caused for the English by the American war for independence. Line engraving, 1778.
How to take a clyster
Print made by Thomas Rowlandson
Date
1800-1805
Nicol Cabbage the Taylor’s apprentice giving a clyster to his old mistress
Print made by Isaac Cruikshank
Date
1803
A French doctor with a huge umbrella under his arm, a syringe in his pocket, taking a pinch of snuff. 13 June 1771
This is the doctor of Circular fame,
Print made by George Cruikshank
See No. 13292. Sidmouth, holding a clyster-pipe and a constable’s staff, Castlereagh holding a scourge, and Canning, stand together. The first is senile, the second bland and dandified, the third aggressive.
December 1819
The violent attack, or the discharge or water artillery
Print made by Samuel Collings
Date
1784
George Roi d’Angleterre
After Jacques Louis David
Date
1794
A French print without title but having numbers referring to an ‘Explication’ engraved beneath the design. English soldiers (‘2’), whose bodies are formed of earthenware pitchers, march with precision in two ranks on very thin legs
Print made by Thomas Rowlandson
Date
1789
French Generals retiring, on account of their health:-with Lepaux presiding in the Directory Dispensary.
Print made by James Gillray
Date
1799
satyr on a pedestal kicks out at a magician while a priestess attempts to insert a clyster-pipe; depicting a play called ‘The Golden Rump’ satirising King George II with his wife and Sir Robert Walpole. Engraving, 1737.
1737
Published: [London], Publish’d according to Act of Parliament 1737
A small Indian woman with a clyster pulls at a sheet worn by a man, who is holding an uprooted tree; representing malaria. Wood engraving by T. Hidebrand after E. Riou.
By: Eduard Riou after: T. Hidebrand
A sick frog is administered an enema by one of his companions; other frogs, some anthropomorphised, some not, stand by. Etching with drypoint by F-D. Hillemacher after N. Poussin, 1885.
A singerie involving a patient being treated with a clyster, the latest French fashion accessory. Line engraving, c. 1660.
Print made by Anonymous
After Christophe Huet
Date
1760-1800
A monkey holding a clyster in an apothecary’s shop; satirizing physicians who gave enemas to ladies. Engraving by F. Basan after D. Teniers the younger.
By: David Teniers after: Pierre-FrancΜois Basan
A monkey rejects the old style clyster for his new ‘clyso-pompe’, which he fills with opium and marshmallow. Coloured lithograph.
Published: s.n.[s.l. :
Printed: (Lith. de Benard et Frey)
A monkey squirting water through a large syringe at two other monkeys. Lithograph.
Published: W. SpoonerLondon (269 Regent St.)
Π ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅!
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡΠΎΠ½Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 400 ΠΊΠ³ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ 1,5 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ «ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΊ-ΠΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌ» Π² ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅.